| for individuals | 2 | other |
| spine → lead to → back pain | 11 |
| spine → cause back → pain | 6 |
| spine → cause → back pain | 4 |
| spine → result in → back pain | 3 |
| spine → cause → low back pain | 3 |
| negative | neutral | positive |
| 0.709 | 0.252 | 0.039 |
| Raw frequency | 27 |
| Normalized frequency | 0.451 |
| Modifier score | 0.600 |
| Perplexity | 68.868 |